introduction of anatomy

INTRODUCTION OF ANATOMY

The word Anatomy itself is derived from the Greek, meaning 'to cut up.'

Anatomy is the study of the structure and function of the body.

Subdivisions of Anatomy

1.       Gross anatomy is the study of the structure of the body as seen with the naked eye.

2.       Microscopic anatomy is the study of the structure of the body which can be seen only with the aid of a microscope. Microscopic anatomy can be further subdivided into organology (the study of organs), histology (the study of tissues) and cytology (the study of cells).

3.       Histology (Gr. /Histo, web or tissue + logos, study).

Histology refers to "the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of tissues. Today the word histology is used as a synonym for microscopic anatomy Because its subject matter encompasses not only the microscopic structure of tissues but also that of the cells, organs and organ systems.

4.       Embryology (Developmental anatomy) is the study of growth and development of adult structure from the fertilized ovum

5.       Neuroanatomy is the study of the elaborate patterns of connections between cells in the nervous system.

BRANCHES OF ANATOMY

Based on discussion topics

1.       Cytology: Branches of anatomy deals with the study of structures of different types of cells.

2.        Histology: Branches of anatomy deals with the study of structure of different types of tissues.

3.       Neurology: Branches of anatomy deals with the study of structure of nervous tissues.

4.       Myology: Branches of anatomy deals with the study of different types of muscular tissues.

5.       Osteology: Branches of anatomy deals with the study of structures of different types of bone.

6.       Arthrology: Branches of anatomy deals with the study of different types of  joints.

7.       Angiology: Branches of anatomy deals with the study of different types of vessels.

8.       Splanchnology: Branches of anatomy deals with the study of different organs of body.

Base on application

1.     Clinical anatomy. Anatomy that discusses different organs and structures related

2.      Surface anatomy: Anatomy that discusses different organs and structures related to surface marking.

3.     Radio anatomy: Anatomy that discusses different Organs and structures related to radiological image.

4.       Physical anatomy: Anatomy that discusses different organs and structures related to physics.

DIVISIONS OF HUMAN BODY

According to anatomy the human body has been divided into five different divisions. There are

1.       Head & Neck

2.       Thorax

3.       Abdomen

4.       Upper limbs

5.       Lower limbs.

Anatomical Planes

1.       Median plane is the imaginary vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body from front to back that divides the body into two equal right and left halves. Anterior and posterior median lines are the edges of the median plane on the front and back of the body.

2.       Sagittal plane is the imaginary vertical plane passing through any part of the body parallel to the median plane. The sagittal plane that passes through the median plane of the body is often referred to as the median sagittal plane.

3.       Coronal plane is the imaginary vertical plane passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing it into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

4.       Horizontal or transverse plane is the imaginary plane passing through the body at right angles to both the median and coronal planes. A transverse plane divides the body into superior(upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

TERMS RELATED TO POSITIONING SYSTEM

1.       Anterior or ventral: the front of a structure or toward the front.

2.       Posterior or dorsal: in the back part of a structure or toward the back.

3.       Inferior or caudal: situated below or lower than a given point of reference, as the feet are inferior to the legs.

4.       Superior or cranial: situated above or oriented toward a higher place, as the head is superior to the body.

5.       Lateral: on the side or away from the mid-sagittal plane. Two types left lateral & right lateral.

6.       Medial: situated or oriented toward the midline of the body.

7.       Proximal: nearer to a point of reference, usually the trunk of the body, than other parts of the body.

8.       Distal: away from or being the farthest from the midline or a central point, as a distal phalanx.

9.       Transverse: at right angles to the long axis of any common part

10.   Oblique: a slanting direction or any variation from the perpendicular or the horizontal.

Terms of Comparison

1.       Proximal means "nearer to the trunk" or "point of origin" of a vessel. For example, the elbow is proximal to the wrist; and the proximal part of an artery is its beginning.

2.       Distal means "farther from the trunk" or "point of origin" of a nerve. For example, the foot is the distal end of the lower limb,

3.       Superficial means "nearer the skin". For example. The muscles of the thoracic wall are superficial to the viscera in the thoracic cavity.

4.       Deep means "farther from the surface". For example, in the arm, the bone (humerus) is deep to the muscles, fasciae and skin.

5.       Internal means "toward or in the interior of an organ internal carotid artery is or cavity. For example, the  found inside the cranial cavity.

6.       External means "toward or on the exterior of an  organ or cavity example artery is found outside the cranial cavity.

7.       Ipsilateral means "on the same side of the body." For example, the left hand and left foot are ipsilateral.

8.      Contralateral means "on  the opposite sides of the body. For example, the right hand and left hand are